I. Fill the blanks with the appropriate words beginning with the letter given.

1. Structural grammar is characterized by a top-down process of analysis. A sentence is seen as a constituent structure. All the components of the sentence are its constituents. A sentence can be cut into section can be cut into sections. Each section is its immediate constituent. Then each section can be further cut into constituents. This on-going cutting is termed i______c______a______.

2. S______is the analysis of Sentence Structure.

3. A s______c______ is a class of expressions that substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality. For example, in the sentence A naughty boy broke the window, a naughty boy can be replaced by he, a man, John, the man who has just left, and so on. All these belong to the same syntactic category called Noun Phrase.(abbreviated as NP).

4. The process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristics is called s______.

5. Some material processes also involve s______, which essentially encodes the background of action, including time, location, manner, cause, reason, accompaniment, etc.

6. Modality can be categorized into m_____ and m_____ according to the distinction of speech roles.

II. Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence:

They can fish.

III. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:

1. Smoking cigars can be nauseating.

2. After a three-day debate, they finally decided on the plane.