Identify which of the following utterance are performative and which are constatives in the Austinian dichotomy of speech act.

a) I cough and sneeze.

b) I promise to return the money tomorrow.

c) I know that the Bulls will win.

d) He bet me 2000 that the Bulls will win.

e) I swore that I wasn’t there at the time.

f) I swear that I wasn’t there at the time.

g) I declare open the Book Fair.

h) He declared open the Book Fair.

教师解析

Performatives: b d g h

Contatives: a c e f i