I.

1.

(1) Pre-inviation

(2) Pre-request

(3) Pre-announcement

2.

(1) (quality) The speaker is absolutely incorrect.

(2) (quantity) The addressee does not president know or finds it impossible to answer this question, since the question is too general.

(3) (relation) The addressee does not think the hero acts well in the film.

(4) (manner) The addressee thinks Regan is not the president people like very much, though he is not a feudist.

II.

1. A: Can I go out now, daddy? (Q1)

B: Have you finished your assignment? (Q2)

A: Yes. (A2)

B: Yes. (A1)

The middle pair (Q2—A2) is an insertion sequence.

2. Dialogue with preferred second part:

A: Can you help me?

B: Sure.

Dialogue with dis-preferred second part.

A: Come over for coffee later.

B: Oh—eh—I’d love to–but you see—I—I’m supposed to get this finished—you know.

Dis-preferred second parts are marked by more time and more language.

III.

Relevance is a relative notion. It is determined by two factors: contextual effect and processing effort. The greater the contextual effect, the greater the relevance. Processing effort is a negative factor: the greater the processing effort, the lower the relevance.

IV.

1. Indirect illocutions tend to be more polite, (1) because they increase the degree of optimality, and (2) because the more indirect an illocution is, the more diminished and tentative its force tends to be.