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参考答案

Cohesion is achieved either grammatically or lexically. Grammatical cohesion is reference, substitution, and ellipsis, as they involve closed systems: simple options of presence or absence, and systems such as those of person, number, proximity and degree of comparison.

Lexical cohesion is achieved generally by using content words; it involves a kind of choice that is open-ended, the selection of a lexical item that is in some way related to one that appears previously in the text.

Conjunction is on the borderline of the grammatical and the lexical cohesive device; the set of conjunctive elements can probably be interpreted grammatically in terms of systems, but such an interpretation would be fairly complex and some conjunctive expressions involve lexical selection as well.