I. Fill in the blanks：

1.                   is the study of the structure of naturally occurring spoken language; while                    is on the structure of written language.

2.             is the feeling that the sentences in the text hang together. Or we can say that             is the means to the text coherence and coherence is the end of cohesion.

3. Lexical cohesion is the semantic relation between lexical items which are classified into two broad categories:           and             .

4.              can be roughly classified into four categories: addition, adversative, casual and temporal relations.

5.                relations look backward in the text for their interpretation and             relations look forward in the text for their interpretations.

6.                  is traditionally regarded as a word or phrase that is relatively syntax-independent. It does not have a particular syntactic function, and does not change the content meaning of the utterance.

II. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：

(   ) 1. Text analysis is a study of both formal linguistic qualities of stretches of language and the variable perceptions of these stretched of language by individuals and groups.

(   ) 2. Reiteration can be explained as the association of lexical items that regularly co-occur, or those that stand in a certain kind of recognizable lexical semantic relation.

(   ) 3. Cohesion is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for text coherence.

(   ) 4. Projection is same as expansion in that one of the clauses is the representation of a verbal or mental process, of which the other clause is the product.

(   ) 5. Substitution is simply the replacement of one item by another, which differs from reference in that substitution refers to the relation between linguistic items.

III. Answer the following questions briefly

1. How to achieve cohesion?

2. What is the difference between text and discourse?