本章重点包括二语习得的概念、影响二语习得的因素、学习者的语言分析、二语习得假说等。本章难点有中介语、二语习得的相关理论及其运用。具体要点如下：

Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

What is SLA?

Definition of language acquisition

Distinction between acquisition and learning:

Definition of SLA

Factors affecting SLA

External factors: social factors 

 Social demand 

 Language policy

Internal factors: learner factors 

Motivation

 Instrumental motivation

 Integrative

 Cognitive motivation (resultant motivation)

Age

Learning strategy

Analysis of learners’ language

Contrastive analysis 

Error analysis

 Identifying errors 

 Describing errors (Categorize errors grammatically) 

 Explaining errors and analyzing reason (Trace the source of errors) 

 Limitation for error analysis 

Interlanguage

Explaining SLA

Mentalist theories

 Chomsky: LAD system (Language Acquisition Device): there is a language acquisition device (LAD) in human brain.

 Krashen: Monitor Theory

 Gass distinguishes input from intake.

Functionalist explanation of SLA 

 Brown: Acculturation

 Halliday: Language acquisition takes place in the process of learning to communicate.

 Ellis

The role of output in SLA

The first function is “noticing” or “consciousness-raising” role.

The second function is hypothesis-testing role.

The third function is termed by Swain “the metalinguistic function”.

学习了这些内容后，相信大家对第二语言习得等相关理论有了更深入的了解，这将有利于大家今后的英语的学习。

如果想要了解更多关于如何学习章节的内容，请在学习资源继续了解本章拓展内容。