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Passage One

    Do you talk to yourself?

    Never?

    I'll bet you denied it aloud.

    Why not just admit it? Almost everyone does it at one time or another.

    Psychologist Thomas Brinthaupt admits he does, and is quite OK with it. That's one reason he is studying the topic. "Talking to one's self is an experience we all share," he says. "It is tied to our everyday functioning as adults."

    All but one of the 102 college students he surveyed at Middle Tennessee State University confess to having muttered aloud to themselves under some circumstances. Frequent places cited: in a car, alone in one's room, at work, in the shower. Brinthaupt does it "in my office—with the door closed," stuck behind a slow driver or working on his computer.

    Stress makes us babble: "I find I'm talking to myself more in the last two weeks, maybe from sleep deprivation. We have a 2-week-old baby," he says.

    The computer age is breeding a whole new generation of mumblers, says Mike Bruckner, 37, Keene, N.H. "All of these thoughts run through my head at the computer. And when things are not going right, I'll swear at it."

    In the car, his musings are about "things I have to remember to do. And I might pray a little bit aloud, I'm not really religious, but there is solitude, a time to talk to God a bit."

    We readily use "private speech" as kids, Brinthaupt says. As we mature, the habit doesn't disappear but "goes underground," and resurfaces from time to time. Among the "normals" he cites who talk easily aloud:

    Thinkers. People who like "to think about things, contemplate mysteries, solve problems and puzzles." And people who are concentrating intensely, "as a way to keep themselves on task."

    Athletes. Many athletes psych themselves up out loud before and during the fray of competition.

    Perfectionists. People who lecture themselves when they miss the mark. "I could have gotten an A if I had studied harder."

    Those with low self-esteem. They berate themselves: "You dummy! How could you have forgotten the keys!"

    A common reason for us all to self-talk is to rehearse something, Brinhaupt says: asking a boss for a raise, for example.

    Others review aloud something that has just happened to do better next time. "It's something like a replay," he says. "Why did I say that? In the future, I'll put it this way."

    We also "self-regulate" by talking aloud, "give ourselves commands, directives," tell ourselves what to do next.

    Contrary to what most think, talking aloud is "a way of preserving our mental health," Sanders says. "We burst forth spontaneously; if we didn't have that outlet, we'd be in trouble."

    So feel free, mumble mouth.

(460 words)

1. According to Brinthaupt, ___________. ( D )

(a) it is not good for people to talk to themselves

(b) only students confess to having talked to themselves

(c) people never talk to themselves at work

(d) talking to one's self is an experience we all share

2. Brinthaupt confesses that he is talking to himself more in the last two weeks because ____________. ( C )

(a) his little baby doesn't sleep enough

(b) he is very happy with his new baby

(c) he is under stress because of his new baby

(d) his new baby babbles

3. Our habit of talking to ourselves _____________. ( B )

(a) is formed after we have grown up

(b) was formed when we were children

(c) disappears when we have grown up

(d) remains all the more obvious

4. According to Brinthaupt, ____________. ( C )

(a) if people concentrate intensely they won't talk to themselves

(b) people with low-self-esteem won't scold themselves in private places

(c) people often self-regulate and tell themselves what to do

(d) more often self-talk is conscious, not spontaneous

5. The main idea of the passage is that ______. ( A )

(a) almost all of us talk to ourselves and it helps to keep our mental health

(b) most people deny the fact that they talk to themselves from time to time

(c) certain people are most likely to talk to themselves aloud freely

(d) contrary to what most think, everyone talks to himself

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Passage Two

    If you're the kind of weekend warrior who enjoys outdoor summer workouts, medical experts say you need to be wary of high heat and humidity.

    During strenuous activity, a person's body can generate 15-20 times the amount of heat it normally produces. Add high outdoor temperatures and skyrocketing humidity, which slow the evaporation of sweat, and the combination could be deadly.

    "If you are feeling thirsty during exercise, you're behind schedule in terms of drinking enough water," says Richard Cotton, spokesperson for the American Council on Exercise and an exercise physiologist with First Fitness, Inc., in Salt Lake City, Utah. "Even at temperatures that don't seem all that hot to some people, say 85 degrees [Fahrenheit], you still need to be careful to avoid lightheadedness, elevated heart rate, fatigue, nausea."

    Cotton says during a workout that is hot and prolonged, you should drink at least four ounces of water every 15 minutes.

    "The heart works two to four times harder to move blood into the vessels, which dilate as the body heats up," says Dr. Janice Zimmerman, professor of medicine at Baylor College of Medicine. "Exercising in the heat places extra stress on the heart and this can be especially dangerous for those with cardiac conditions."

    Hot weather workouts have also been shown to be less effective. Excessive heat keeps workouts from reaching maximum intensity, which results in less conditioning of the muscles. Overheated tissues are also at greater risk of injury. Pushing the body too far in extremely hot and humid conditions can lead to cramps, heat exhaustion, heart attack, or stroke.

(267 words)

6. According to the passage, a person's body can produce ______ times the amount of heat it normally does. ( B )

(a) 5

(b) 15

(c) 25

(d) 50

7. Hot weather workouts can be harmful owing to all the following facts EXCEPT that ________.( C )

(a) our body can produce much more heat than usual

(b) high heat and humidity can slow the evaporation of sweat

(c) the heart beats much slower in hot weather

(d) overheated tissues are most likely to be injured

8. "Even at temperatures that don't seem all that hot to some people, you still need to be careful to avoid lightheadedness..." Here, "lightheadedness" means _____________. ( C )

(a) happiness

(b) tiredness

(c) dizziness

(d) hotness

9. According to Cotton, one should ____________ during a hot and long workout. ( B )

(a) have a break from time to time

(b) drink some water every 15 minutes

(c) be careful not to sweat a lot

(d) let one's heart work less

10. A good title for this passage is ______________. ( C )

(a) Enjoying Outdoor Summer Workouts

(b) Summer Exercise and Heart Disease

(c) For Summer Exercise, Use Caution to Avoid Heat Exhaustion

(d) No Weather Workouts, No Good!

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