Grammar: Verbal - Participle
非谓语动词--分词

1． 分词的意义和特征

1） 分词也是一种非谓语动词，兼有动词和形容词的特征。
2） 分词可有宾语（仅限于现在分词）或状语，分词和宾语、状语一起构成分词短语。

2．分词的形式

1） 分词有现在分词和过去分词：现在分词由动词原形+ing; 规则动词的过去分词由动词原形+ ed, 不规则动词的过去分词分别记忆。

		及物动词 write		不及物动词 go
现在分词	一般式	writing	being written	going
	过去式	having written	having been written	having gone
过去分词			written	gone

2） 现在分词有一般式和完成式，有主动语态和被动语态；过去分词只有一般式，也没有主动语态。

3．现在分词和过去分词的区别：主要表现在语态和时间上。

1） 语态不同：现在分词表示主动，而过去分词多由及物动词变来，表示被动的意思。如：
an interesting story / the frightened little boy / a hand-written letter / an easygoing boy / a moving story / a moved audience
注：还有一些过去分词是有不及物动词变来的，只表示动作完成，没有被动的意味。如：a retired miner (退休的矿工)/ returned students (被退回的学生)/ fallen leaves (落叶)

2） 间关系上不同：现在分词往往表示动作正在进行，而过分词表示的动作，往往已经完成。如： the developing countries (发展中国家) / the developed countries (发达国家) boiling water (正在沸腾的水) / boiled water (煮过的水)

4．分词和分词短语的用法

1） 做定语：

如果是单词，一般放在所修饰的名词前。
The boy likes drinking cold boiled water.
I decided to give up this boring book.
如果是分词短语，则往往放在所修饰的名词后面。
The journalist gathering news abroad will come back tomorrow.
My daughter likes the stockings (长袜) bought on last Christmas Day.

2） 作表语

This story is very interesting and instructive.
She is married.
The glasses are broken.

3） 作状语：表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等。

a. 表时间
Looking out of the window, I saw my assistant running here.
Walking in the street, she met a friend of her middle school.

b. 表原因
Being sick, Wang Lin didn't go to school.
Thinking that Chinese medicine might be helpful, this foreigner came to China.

c. 表方式、伴随情况或结果
Daisy comes running back to tell us the good news.
The headmaster stood there waiting for the bus.
She works like a slave, hauling water, washing clothes and cooking dinners.
The child fell, striking his head against the ground and cutting it.

4） 作宾语补足语

I saw you brother walking cross the street alone yesterday, it was not safe for him.
I heard then talking about financial problem.
I found my hometown completely rebuilt.
You had better have you watch repaired.