5．分词的否定结构：由 not + 分词构成。如：

Not knowing what to do, the students turned to their teacher.
不知道该怎么办，学生们只得求助老师。
She was angry for his not coming.

6． 现在分词的时态

1) 一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在其前。
Working in the countryside, the young man has learned a lot from the peasants.
Hearing that our team won the game, we all cheered.

2) 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，常表示时间或原因。
Having practiced for two hours, the actress took a rest.
Not having done it right, the boy was asked to try again.

7． 现在分词的被动语态

This is one of the supermarkets being built in this area.
Being flooded, this village was cut off and had to be rescued by boat.
这个村庄正被洪水围困，阻隔了与外界的联系，只能靠船营救。
Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave.
由于一直被请求留下，我不太好离开。
Having been informed that the President would give us an audience, we made everything ready.
我们被告知，总统将接见我们，我们作好了一切准备。

8． 独立主格（absolute construction）：分词短语所表示的动作其逻辑主语和主句主语不一致，这时分词短语的逻辑主语须放在分词前面。

Weather permitting, we would go swimming.
The question having been settled, the meeting was announced over.
Their room was on the first floor, its broad window overlooking the park.