I.To meet the need of connoted meaning or rhetoric

1.Add Interjectives

There are many interjectives in Chinese, such as“的”, “吧”, “呢”, “啊”, “呀”, “嘛”, “吗”, “啦”, “了”, “罢了”, “而已” and so on. Different modal particles can play different roles. When you translate English to Chinese, you carefully understand the original text and add some Chinese language-specific auxiliary words to better express the meaning and rhetoric of the original.

1)Don’t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.

不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。

2)As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning

我呢，从一开始就不赞成。

3)They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated

那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快，毫不沮丧。

4)He described it(Latvia)-its forests, its little villages, its peole, their fierce nationalism - with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love for one's motherland

他描绘它（拉脱维亚）的风土人情一一森林啦、小村庄啦、人民啦、人民的强烈民族主义啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。

5)It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this

完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。

6)“Some six or eight thousand men,”returned Montcalm, with much

apparent indifference„

“那也只不过六千到八千人罢了，”蒙卡姆显然满不在乎地说。

2.Add classifiers/quantifier

1)English numerals (including indefinite article a) are often used directly with countable nouns. There is no quantifier between them, but Chinese often relies on quantifiers. Therefore, the translation should be based on the Chinese expression habits to appropriately increase the quantifiers that represent their shape, characteristics or materials. Such as:

a bike 一辆自行车； a typewriter 一架打字机；

a tractor 一台拖拉机； a mouth 一张嘴；

a full moon 一轮满月； a bad dream 一场噩梦。

①A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.

一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

②Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon.

一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。

③A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.

一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。

④November 26: "...Started trying to read a Russian story. Constant use of dictionary and many questions.”

十一月二十六日：“……开始试读一篇俄国短篇小说。词典不离手，问题一大堆。”

2)Some verbs or action nouns in English often need to add some momentum words that express behavior and action when translating into Chinese verbs. Such as “have a rest”, “休息一下”, “make a stop”, “停一下”, and so on.

①Once, they had a quarrel.

有一次，他们争吵了一番。

②Herb gave her a sly look.

赫伯狡猾地看了她一眼。

③I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.

我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

3)Add Word According to Context or Background

①In April, there was the "ping" heard around the world. In July the ping “ponged”.

四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。

这句如只译为“四月里，全世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乒声却乓了一下”，读来就不知所云。

②Nixon learned that Ceausescu would welcome a presidential visit.

尼克松了解到，齐奥塞斯库欢迎美国总统访罗。

本句上文曾提到美国总统访问罗马尼亚。

③Bundy was not considered to have signed on, and it was known that the President was wavering, that Ball was making his stand.

一般认为，邦迪并没有同意轰炸，总统还在犹豫不决，而鲍尔已明确反对轰炸。

本句上文中提到的是“轰炸”问题，翻译时根据上下文，补充了“轰炸”和“反对轰炸”，意思就比较清楚。

④This great scientist was born in New England.

这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。

英国本土我们可以称为“英格兰”，但“新英格兰”英国本圭上，它是美国东北部的一个地区，包括缅因、佛蒙特、新罕布什尔、马萨诸塞、罗得岛、康涅狄格等六个州。在“新英格兰”之前加上“美国东北部”来限制，就让不了解英美文化的读者知识了所谈论的地方不是英国本土，而是美国东北部的某个地方。

⑤Le Monde, the BBC, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.

法国《世界报》、英国广播公司、美国《纽约时报》以及整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大量引用海卡尔的话。

增加文化知识可以减轻读者的负担，因为假如在此句中我们不将Le Monde翻译成“法国《世界报》”，而只是将它翻译成世界报，读者就会有可能并不知道这个报纸到底是哪个国家出版的，是一份怎样的刊物。

6)Both Efe and Reuters published their views on the course of events in Kosovo.

西班牙的埃新社和英国的路透社都对科索沃事态的发展发表了自己的看法。

4)Add general words

Both English and Chinese have general terms, “in short”, “and so on”, “etc” can be translated as “总之”,“等等”. But sometimes there are no general words in the English sentence, but the translation can often increase "两人", "双方", "等", "等等", "凡此种种" and so on, while omitting the connectives in English. Such as:

You and I

你我两人

Russia, the United States, Britain and France

俄、美、英、法四四国

militarily, politically and economical

军事、政治、经济等各方面

①The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.

美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。

②It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.

它（照片）十分清晰，从中可以看出街道、工厂、一条蜿蜒的河流以及码头潜艇修坞等。

③The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.

论文总结了电子计算机、人造造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。

④Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall

when there is plenty of nutritious food available.

与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长、储存脂肪。

⑤The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo.

这个大厅有四大优点：明亮，宽敞，样式新颖，没有回音。

5)Add transitional words

①Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.

不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！

②For mistakes had been made, bad ones.

因为已经犯了许多错误，而且还是很糟的错误。

③Two, we heard later, were sent to college, at the government expense, while one, it was rumored, had attempted to blackmail the Agency. Unsuccessfully. (Francis Gary Powers)

我们后来听说，两人已由政府资助送进大学学习，并据传说，一个曾试图对中央情报局进行讹诈，结果并未得逞。

④He stepped to the platform and paused: a little dirty station, a small crowd of

travelers.

他跨到了月台上，停了停，只看见一个阴沉沉的小车站和一小群旅客。

⑤Border formalities, the French officials were polite and efficient, the Nazi

authorities aloof and superior.

办理边境手续，法国官员有礼貌，效率高，纳粹方面则冷淡而高傲。

Ⅱ.To meet the need of syntactic

1.To add omitted part in answers

1)Is this your book? Yes, it is.

这是你的书吗？是我的。

(Yes, it is=Yes, it is mine.)

2)Rebecca: "What! don’t you love him (Amelia's brother)?”

Amelia: “Yes， of course， I do.”

利蓓加：“怎么？你不爱他（爱米丽的哥哥）？”

爱米丽：“我当然爱他。”

(Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of course I love him.)

3)Don’t you want Mr. Smith to be your tutor? Yes, of course I do.

你不想让史密斯先生当你导师吗？我当然想。

2.To add omitted verbs, esp. in paralleled structure

1)Reading makes a full man; conference(...)a ready man; writing(...) an exact man.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

2)An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle (...) at the summit of a high tree. the Fox (...) in a hole at the foot of it.

一只鹰和一只孤狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。

3)We don’t retreat, we never have (...) and never will(...).

我们们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。

4)"No! " Jesse jumped up. “No, I believed that too. But I don’t (...) now.”

“不！”杰西跳起来了。“不，过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。”

5)He remembered the incident, as had his wife (...)

他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起了。

6)Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows (...) lower.

他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。

7)We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our students to the full, not just their academic ability.

我们关心的是全面发展学生的各种能力，而不仅仅是发展智力。

8)The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.

最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。

3.To add omitted part in comparison

1)The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.

仆人们愿意服待她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。

原文全句应是 The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were ready to serve their own mistress.

2)Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.

从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。

原文全句应是 It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.

3)I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than others.

我可以对你说一一我这样说没有任何奉承之意一一中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色，更有成果。

原文全句应是I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than the way of co-operations of others.

4)The system of job responsibility can be adopted where the conditions are ripe and not otherwise.

工作责任制度，条件成熟了就可以实行，条件不成熟的不要实行。

4.To add omitted part in implicit conditional clause

1)We didn't admit it (escape)was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.

我们认为越狱不是不可能的。如果认为不可能，那就等于把我们仅存的一点希望也放弃了。

2)He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences.

他了解到忠于肯尼迪的那些人在消极反对他，但是如果他们公开反对，那就会产生可怕的后果。

3)But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.

然而如果没有阿道夫·希特勃，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。

4)More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially.

如果测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障。

5)I am in charge of the depot, only I. People will hold me responsible but not you.

只有我一人负责管理这个仓库，（如果）出了事情别人找我，不找你。