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Passage One

    The point is that someone—you, a parent, teacher, counselor, husband/wife, friend, or boss—will make a judgment about your level of intelligence. However, intelligence can be difficult to define and measure. Recently, the official journal of the American Psychological Association devoted an entire issue to discussing how to define and measure intelligence and the value and usefulness of IQ scores (American Psychologist, October, 1997). Although we all use the term intelligence, in some cases it may be difficult to define.

    For example, which of these two people is more intelligent?

    Clarence Thomas graduated from highly respected Yale Law school, was a federal judge, and is now a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, the highest court in the land.

    Nancy Lopez is a professional golfer who won 47 tournaments, was in the Hall of Fame by age 30, and has earned almost 5 million dollars.

So who is more intelligent, Justice Clarence Thomas or professional golfer Nancy Lopez? The answer depends primarily on how we define intelligence. If we define intelligence in terms of cognitive abilities, we would say that Justice Thomas is more intelligent. However, if we define intelligence in terms of motor and perceptual skills and financial earnings, we would say that Nancy Lopez is more intelligent.

    Some psychologists believe that intelligence is best defined by measuring cognitive abilities. Others argue that a definition of intelligence based entirely on cognitive abilities is much too narrow.

    Instead, they believe that there are many kinds of intelligence, such as musical, motor (movement), creative, or practical intelligence. We'll examine three popular theories of intelligence—the two-factor, multiple-factor, and triarchic theories.

(392 words)

1. The author of this passage ________. ( B )

(a) once got all As on his report card when he was young

(b) was eager to take an IQ test and find out exactly how smart he really was

(c) achieved a high score when he took a group IQ test in high school

(d) could not obtain a college diploma

2. An entire issue of the official journal of the American Psychological Association ________. ( B )

(a) warned that it is difficult to define and measure levels of intelligence

(b) was devoted to the discussion of defining and measuring intelligence

(c) stressed the value and usefulness of IQ scores

(d) gave the criteria for measuring intelligence

3. The author compares Justice Clarence Thomas with professional golfer Nancy Lopez and concludes that __________. ( D )

(a) Justice Clarence Thomas is more intelligent

(b) professional golfer Nancy Lopez is more intelligent

(c) there is no way determining who is more intelligent

(d) the answer depends primarily on how we define intelligence

4. According to the author of the passage, _______. ( D )

(a) intelligence is best defined by measuring cognitive abilities

(b) a definition of intelligence based entirely on cognitive abilities is narrow

(c) there are many kinds of intelligence

(d) the way we define intelligence affect the way we judge levels of intelligence

5. A good title for the passage is: ________. ( C )

(a) IQ Tests Are Unreliable

(b) Who Is More Intelligent, the Justice or the Golfer?

(c) Issues of Defining and Measuring Intelligence

(d) What Is Intelligence ?

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Passage Two

    What makes people smart? It is a question that scientists and philosophers have pondered for centuries, prompting complex calibrations, from head measurements to brain-bending tests.

Now, scientists are using the latest technology to peer inside the brain, producing some of the first images of how gifted, and not-so-gifted, minds think.

    Scholars have long haggled over whether smarts can be summed up as a single entity, as in an intelligence quotient, or a collection of interacting capabilities, or perhaps many distinct skills.

    "We don't want to be evaluating people on one thing with its turning out to be a very prejudicial concept of cognition," said Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, who goes so far as to argue that we have at least seven different "intelligences."

    Proponents of a new concept called "emotional intelligence" don't necessarily consider IQ the best predictor of how one will fare in life. What about empathy, intuition, and social savvy? Certain emotional skills, they argue, seem to bring success—promotions and coveted invitations for example.

    They propose that emotion should not be considered separately from intellect. Often, feelings sharpen reason, says University of Iowa neuroscientist Dr. Antonio R. Damasio. Emotion helps reason to focus the mind, to set priorities.

    UC Irvine professor Richard Haier, in a series of pioneering studies, has used positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to probe the neural underpinnings of intelligence, as traditionally assessed by IQ tests and the SATs.

    Based on his continuing studies, Haier suggests that brighter people have lower brain metabolic rates because their brains are more efficient. Haier speculated that bright people might use fewer inessential, or even detrimental, circuits.

    He and Iowa researcher Camilla P. Benbow compared PET scans of mathematically talented students—as determined by the SAT—to those of average students. He expected to find some measurable difference in brain activity between the gifted and not-so-blessed.

    Instead, his most striking finding was overall gender differences. Among the men doing math problems, a part of the temporal lobe consistently lit up; the more it lit up, the better they scored on the math test. Among women, however, no such pattern emerged. Average and gifted women showed no significant difference in temporal lobe activity.

    What gives? Haier's short answer is, "we don't know." But he suspects that men's brains are more focused in their mathematical thinking than women's. Conversely, the talented females simply may be more efficient than their average peers, rather than more focused.

(406 words)

6. Those for the concept of emotional intelligence ________. ( D )

(a) regard IQ the best predictor of how people will succeed in life

(b) stress certain emotional skills such as promotions and invitations

(c) propose to separate emotion from intellect

(d) think that emotion can help people succeed

7. Dr. Haier uses ________ to prove the neurology of intelligence. ( B )

(a) IQ tests

(b) PET scanning

(c) SATs

(d) EQ tests

8. Dr. Haier's studies show that the main difference between the bright and not-so-bright people is that _________. ( D )

(a) bright people use more inessential circuits

(b) bright people have better neural underpinnings of intelligence

(c) bright people's feelings can interact with their reason

(d) bright people have lower brain metabolic rates

9. According to Dr. Haier's studies, when men and women do math problems, they differ in that _________. ( B )

(a) men are more intelligent than women

(b) men's temporal lobe is consistently lit up while women's isn't

(c) gifted women excel in temporal lobe activity

(d) men's brains are less focused in their mathematical thinking than women's

10. Which of the following is true according to the passage? ( C )

(a) Scientists have found out that smarts can be summed up as a single entity.

(b) Researchers evaluate people according to their concept of cognition.

(c) Talented women are supposed to be more efficient than men in mathematical thinking.

(d) Dr. Haier's most striking finding was the positron emission tomography scanning.

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Passage Three

    Snoring bed partners are more than annoying; their nasal noisiness can threaten the well-being of pillow mates.

    A study at the Sleep Disorders Center of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., found wives of chronic snorers lose 62 minutes of sleep a night, on average. Problems associated with inadequate sleep range from impaired daytime function to higher cardiovascular risk.

    Researchers observed snoring husbands and their wives overnight in a sleeping lab, and the subjects—brain waves, heartbeats and breathing were monitored. In each case, the husband suffered obstructive sleep apnea (a fancy term for what causes snoring). Sleep partners were compared before and after hubby was treated with "continuous positive airway pressure," a technique using a mask that keeps breathing passages open during sleep. Not surprisingly, the wives—quality of sleep improved after their husbands—honking was silenced.

    Given that about 9 percent of men and 4 percent of women are frequent snorers, researchers estimate the problem causes 475 million "excess arousals" (a.k.a. sleep disturbances) in the United States every night.

(169 words)

11.According to the study at the Sleep Disorders Center of the Mayo Clinic, wives of chronic snoring husbands lose an average of ______ of sleep a night . ( C )

(a) 6 minutes

(b) half an hour

(c) an hour

(d) two hours

12.Bed-mates of chronic snorers may suffer all the following EXCEPT ______ . ( D )

(a) inadequate sleep

(b) impaired daytime function

(c) cardiovascular troubles

(d) Obstructive sleep apnea

13. The word "hubby" in paragraph three means _____ . ( C )

(a) disease

(b) patient

(c) husband

(d) bed-mate

14. The "continuous positive airway pressure" is ________. ( B )

(a) a fancy term for what causes snoring

(b) a technique that can keep breathing passages open during sleep

(c) a treatment that cures pillow-mates of snoring patients

(d) a medical equipment to monitor subjects ─ sleep quality

15. The passage tries to show that chronic snorers ________. ( D )

(a) are very annoying

(b) can be cured

(c) have chronic diseases

(d) can affect the health of their bed-mates

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