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翻译概述--Part I 课文学习--第三页
（ Some Views on Translation in General ）
　
   Faithfulness also include the keeping of the original style, as Mr ． Lu Xun put it “keep the full flavour of the original work ． ” Sometimes ， even the original emotions or feelings such as anger or distress ， satire or irony, joy or happiness should not pass unnoticed.

2) “Smoothness” requires that version must be clear and distinct ， flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word—for—word translation ， of obscure and crabbed language ， of grammatical mistakes ， confused structure and turbid logic. By smoothness we mean that we should make the language forceful ， clear and idiomatic ． Different languages have different ways of expression ． The translator must try to follow the custom good usage of the languages used and not stick to the mode of expression of the original.

   Sometimes there are contradictions between faithfulness and smoothness, but the translator must try his best to arrive at the unity of the contradictions. The most important thing is, he must first have a thorough understanding of the authors' ideas and feelings expressed in the original and put them into a different language idiomatically according to some of the fundamental rules and methods of translation. Only thus can he be said to be responsible both to the author and the readers.

   In the last decade of the 18th century, Alexander Fraser Tytler, professor of history at Edinburgh University , laid down three fundamentals by which a translation should be made or judged. They were (1) a translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; (2) the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original, and (3) a translation should have all the ease of original composition. In his book Essay on the Principles of Translation, Tytler illustrated those fundamentals with a wealth of examples which put his book in a class by itself.

   In his book Les belles infideles , Georges Mounin says that the translation is a pane of glass through which we look at the work of art. He is thinking of Gogol's definition of the perfect translator as one who becomes a pane of glass which is so transparent that the reader does not notice that there is any glass. Obviously, it is too difficult to reach such an ideal: even the clearest glass has an index of refraction. A “clear glass” translation, however, can always be effected as it has been done through centuries. And the indispensable requisite is that the version must be both faithful to the origina1 work and smooth in the target language ．

   Then it is clear that we shall come to a satisfactory conclusion ： unity of contradictions ， i.e. a translated work both faithful and smooth .
 
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