English Lexicology_unit 34


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Answer

I.

II. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T
　11. F 12. T 13. T 14. T 15. T 16. F 17. T 18. T 19. F 20. T

III. 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. D

IV.

V.

VI. 1. minimal, meaning, syntactic 　　2. sound, meaning　　3. core 　　4. Anglo-Saxon
　　5. reference 　　6. result, reflects

VII. 1. 首字母拼音法
　　2. 词义的升华
　　3. 派生词缀
　　4. 非语言语境
　　5. 形态结构
　　6. 屈折词缀

VIII.

1. Review what is learned; 2. Be ready for tests.

Main points

●Words and Vocabulary
●● Word
●● Words and Vocabulary
●● Sound and Meaning
●● Sound and Form
●● Vocabulary
●● Classification of Words
●●● Basic Word Stock and Non-basic Vocabulary
●●● Content Words and Functional Words
●●● Native Words and Borrowed Words
●●●● Questions and Tasks
● Development of Vocabulary
●● The Indo-European
●● Historical Overview
●●● Old English
●●● Middle English
●●● Modern English
●● Growth of Present-day Vocabulary
●● Modes of Development
●●●●Questions and Tasks
● Word Formation I
●● Morphemes
●● Allomorphs
●● Types of Morphemes
●●● Free Morphemes
●●● Bound Morphemes
●● Root and Stem
●●●● Questions and Tasks
● Word Formation II
●● Affixation
●●● Prefixation
●●● Suffixation
●● Compounding
●●● Characteristics
●●● Formation
●● Conversion
●●● Characteristics
●●● Formation
●● Blending
●● Clipping
●● Acronymy
●●● Initialisms
●●● acronyms
●● Back-formation
●● Words from Proper Names
●●● Names of people
●●● Names of places
●●● Names of books
●●● Tradenames
●●●● Questions and Tasks
● Word Meaning
●● Meanings of 'Meaning'
●●● Reference
●●● Concept
●●● Sense
●● Motivation
●●● Onomatopeic
●●● Morphological
●●● Semantic
●●● Etymological
●● Types of Meaning
●●● Grammatical Meaning
●●● Lexical Meaning
●●● Conceptual Meaning
●●● Associative Meaning
●●●● Connotative meaning
●●●● Stylistic meaning
●●●● Affective meaning
●●●● Collocative meaning

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Unit 34

Questions and tasks

I. Choose words from the following two groups to fill in the brackets.10%
　　A: 1. Hellenic 2. Italic 3. Indo-Iranian
　　B: 4. English 5. Scottish 6. German 7. Russian 8. Polish 9.Spanish 10.Irish

II. Tell whether the following statements are true or false and write T (true ) or F (false) in the brackets: 20%
1. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.
2. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.
3. The connection between sound and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.
4. The characteristics of the basic word stock include all national character, denizen and productivity.
5. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.
6. Words of old English were full of endings.
7. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.
8. Modern English is an analytic language.
9. Compounding is the process of creating new words by combining affixes and bases.
10. Denizens are words which were borrowed from other languages but later became assimilated into the English language.
11. Aliens are words of the native element.
12. Generally speaking, native words have a higher frequency of use than loan words.
13. Inflectional affixes are grammatical markers.
14. Free morphemes are morphemes which alone can be used as words.
15. A form to which an affix of any kind can be added is called a stem.
16. Half-converted adjectives are used as common nouns while full-converted ones still retain adjective features.
17. Acronyms are words of initial letters which are pronounced as common words.
18. By origin English is more closely related to German than to French.
19. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.
20. Prefixes do not generally change part of speech whereas suffixes do.

III. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the brackets. 10%
1. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English .______ of them are 　　still in use today.
　　A. Eighty-five percent 　　　B. Fifty-six percent
　　C. Seventy-two percent 　　D. Seventy-five percent
2. Modern English began with the establishment of ________ in England.
　　A. printing 　　　　　　　　B. Bourgeois Revolution
　　C. Industrial Revolution 　　 D. Renaissance Time
3. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels:
　　____ semantic change and _______.
　　A. exchange/ conversion 　　B. compounding/ borrowing
　　C. creation/ borrowing 　　　 D. suffixation/ creation
4. Words mainly involved in conversion are __________.
　　A. nouns, verbs and adverbs 　　B. nouns, adjectives and verbs
　　C. nouns, prepositions and verbs D. adjectives, adverbs and verbs
5. The derivational process, in which an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of 　　an affix, is called ____________.
　　A. full conversion　　 B. partial conversion
　　C. functional shift　　 D. zero-derivation
6. Nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns and achieve a full noun 　　status, thus known as __________.
　　A. partial conversion 　　B. full conversion
　　C. functional shift 　　　 D. grammatical shift
7. Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of __________.
　　A. prefixation 　　B. suffixation 　　C. acronymy 　　D. conversion
8. Back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by ______ the supposed suffixes.
　　A. removing 　　B. shortening 　　C. adding 　　D. writing
9. Grammatical meaning does not include _________.
　　A. part of speech 　　B. plural forms of nouns
　　C. tenses 　　　　　 D. appropriateness
10. English words can be motivated ________.
　　A. physiologically 　　B. morphologically
　　C. etymologically 　　D. All the above.

V. Analyse the following words and say how they are formed, and put your answers in the brackets:10%
　　Example: disobey ( prefixation)

	airline		changeable
	postwar		G-man
	shadow(v)		smog
	ID		flu
	exploitation		donate
	pop		sci-fi
	swimmer		SALT
	ampere		pocket (v.)
	botel		antinuclear
	watergate		daydreaming