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英汉对比--Part I 课文学习--第二页
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又如以下几个句子的结合，英语用连词，汉语不用。 ·发展体育运动，增强人民体质。 Promote physical culture and build up the people's health. ·跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。 The monk may run away, but never his temple. ·上梁不正下梁歪。 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant. ·If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远么 ? ·The doors were opened, and the audience came crowding in. 大门开了，观众一拥而入。 ·你不老实，我不能信任你。 I can't trust you, because you are not honest. 英语中的关系代词和关系副词，如 what ， that ， which ， who ， when ， where ， however ， whenever ， wherever 等，常起连接作用，汉语中没有与之相应的词类，因此，翻译时经常用意合的形式转换。例如： ·一个英国人 ，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China ． ·When I was reading a book ， he came in ． 我正在看书，他进来了。 ·他来了，我马上就走。 I'll go ， as soon as he comes here. ·I went to dance with a girl who is from Memphis and who has a Southern accent ． 我同一位操南方口音的梅门菲斯姑娘跳舞。 ·First, we make clear what is doing the traveling a car, a bus, a plane or whatever it may be ． 首先，我们要搞清旅行工具，例如小汽车、公共汽车、飞机，或别的可用的工具。 ·I'm glad you showed up when you did. 你来的正是时候。 ·People who have enjoyed good educational opportunities ought to show it in their conduct and language ． 一个人有机会享受良好教育，应该在他的言谈举止中表现出来。 ·He spoke so well ， that everybody was convinced of his innocence. 他说得那么动听，谁都相信他是无辜的了。 除了使用关联词之外， 英语还有其他连接手段，包括词缀变化和动词、名词、代词、形容词的形态变化。以动词而论， 它不但可以通过形态变化来标明时、体、语态、语气，其非谓语形式（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）还可以表明各种结构和逻辑关系。例如： Startled , he jumped up and hastened to the mirror in the bathroom, taking away the towel to examine the cut upon his cheek. 他惊得跳起来，连忙来到卫生间的镜前，拿掉毛巾，细看腮上的伤口。 从上述例句中显然可以看出：了解了英汉句法结构上各自特点与巨大差异后，再进行翻译实践活动，就可以避免出现在翻译上人们称之为 “ 翻译腔 ”(translatorese), 并且在语言上也会少一些 “ 生硬牵强、冗长累赘、意思晦涩不明的情况”。 从文体和句法结构的角度看，汉英两种语言的另一点不同特征是 , 汉语以简练著称，英语以严密见长。在翻译某些格言和谚语时，“意合”与“形合 ” “从属”与“并列”的特点表现得尤为突出。把下面的汉语成语和它们的英译对比一下，将会进一步加深我们在这方面的印象。 (1) 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 The net of Heaven is large and wide, but it lets nothing through ． The mills of God grind slowly ， but they grind exceedingly small ． (2) 欲加之罪，何患无辞 If you wish to impute crime to anyone, do not distress yourself at the want of an excuse ． He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick ． (3) 鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利 If a snipe and a clam are looked in fight ， it is only to the advantage of the fisherman ． When the snipe and the clam grapple 。 it is the fisherman who profits 。 (4) 知无不言，言无不尽 Tell all that you know and tell it without reserve ． (5) 有则改之，无则加勉 Correct the mistakes if you have committed them ， and avoid them if you have not 。 (6) 放下屠刀，立地成佛 Lay down your butcher's knife and you will instantly become a Buddha ． A wrongdoer achieves salvation as soon as he gives up evil ． (7) 与人方便，自己方便 If you help others ， others will help you ． (8) 兼听则明，偏信则暗 Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened ， heed only one side and you will be benighted ． (9) 顺之者昌，逆之者亡 Those who bow before it survive and those who resist perish ． (10) 少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤 If one does not exert oneself in youth ， one will regret in old age ． When one does not work hard in youth ， he will be sorry in vain when old ． |
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