二、句子的不同扩展机制导致语序的不同
句子是按线性延伸的。按延伸的方向可分为向右延伸和向左延伸两种类型。英语属第一种,汉语属第二种。如:
a) He killed the man .
He killed the man who had broken into his house .
He killed the man who had broken into his house to steal .
He killed the man who had broken into his house to steal the diamond necklace .
He killed the man who had broken into his house to steal the diamond necklace. which he had bought for his wife as a birthday gift .
b) 项链被盗。
钻石项链被盗。
上星期买的钻石项链被盗。
杰克上星期买的钻石项链被盗。
将要结婚的杰克上星期买的钻石项链被盗。
不同的延伸机制导致不同的语序。汉语修饰一般必须前置,而英语修饰语后置居多。通过下例我们可以对其语序的对应关系略知一二。
c) 从杭州 坐旅游车 向西南走 大约三小时左右 可以到达 一个叫瑶琳的 旅游胜地 。
There is a tourist attraction called Yao lin which you can reach
7 6 5
in about three hours by going south west by tourist bus from Hangzhou .
4 3 2 1
d) 这就是 昨天下午 四点 在办公室 与她谈话 的 那个人 。
1 2 3 4 5
There is the man who had a talk with her in the office at four o ' clock
5 4 3 2
yesterday afternoon .
1
三、思维模式的不同造成语序的差异
1 .人的思维总的来说还是相近的,大多数民族都是按“行为的主体 —— 主体行为 —— 行为客体”来思维的。但各语言民族的思维模式同中存异。如英吉利民族的思维一般是“行为主体一主体的行为一行为的客体一行为的各种标志”序列,即“主语一谓语一宾语一各种状语”。而汉民族的思维反映在语言上却呈“主语一状语一谓语一宾语”序列。可以看出,汉语的状语在谓语之前,而英语的状语在谓语之后,翻译时须注意调整。如:
a) 我 昨天在舞厅 玩得很痛快。
I had a wonderful time in the dance ball yesterday.
b) 汤姆 此刻正在实验室和他的助手 一道做试验。
Tom is doing an experiment with his assistants in the laboratory at the moment .
c) 我 昨天在街上散步时 碰到了一位朋友。
I happened to meet a friend of mine while taking a walk in the street yesterday .
作宾语的一般应置于谓语之后,但不同句式中,汉英又有区别。如否定句中,汉语宾语常可前置,而英语仍应后置。如:
a) 他 一句话 也没说。
He didn't say anything .
b) 我 谁 也不羡慕。
I envy nobody .
c) 我对 这个问题 一点也不明白。
I don't understand this question at all .
汉语可借助“把”“连”“对”把宾语提前,英译时,宾语位置应按英语习惯置于谓语之后。
a) 他连 我们的导师 都没有听说过。
He even hasn't heard of our tutor . .
b) 鲁滨逊编扎了一块木排,想尽办法,把船上的 日用必须品 都运上岸。
Robinson built a raft and tried by all means to carry his store of necessities on the ship to shore . |