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语序与翻译--Part I 课文学习--第八页
Word Order and Translation
 
    以上四例根据时间的先后顺序,采用的均为逆译法,但是有很多时候,顺译、逆译都可以。如例 7 译成 In their joint statement signed in l998 , both countries have reached a consensus on establishing “ a friendly co-operative partnership devoted to peace and development ” 的话,也是符合英语的行文习惯的,但究竟采用哪种译法,还得参考更大的语境。

    另外,英语中表示手段的“ by+ 动名词”结构通常放在表示结果的谓语动词之后,译成汉语时则要进行调整,将该短语移至谓语动词之前,因为根据汉语的行文习惯,手段总是出现在结果之前的。同理,出现在汉语句子前面的手段在译成英语时则通常应移至句尾。例如:

    9 . The American healthcare system underwent some rather profound self-reform , driven by powerful market forces .
    美国的医疗体制在强大的市场推动下经历了一些深刻的自我变革。

    10 .通过推进多边化进程,这种全面合作的关系将会促进世界和平与稳定。
    The comprehensive partnership will contribute to world peace and stability by promoting the process of multi-lateralization .

(二) 逻辑顺序

    汉语是逻辑性很强的语言,它的语序主要靠逻辑思维而定,通常根据一定的逻辑顺序按照由原因到结果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论、由条件到结果的次序有先有后,有主有次地逐层叙述;特别是在不用关联词的时候:句中的语法关系更需要通过语序方可辨认得出。而英语的语序 比较灵活,通常开门见山,直奔主题,然后再作解释。在表达多层逻辑思维时,英语可借助形态 变化、丰富的连接词语等语法和词汇手段,根据句子的意思和结构的需要灵活排列,顺序往往与 汉语不同 . 因而在英汉互译时 , 译者常常需要改变语序 , 重组句子的结构 . 例如 :

    1. We must think twice, though, before embarking on “reform” if that means imposing further restrictions on our healthcare markets.
    然而,政府主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话,那我们可要三思而后行了。

    2.Farm life is changing considerably as farmers adjust to new trends .
    农民不断适应新的潮流,农村生活正在发生巨大变化。

    3.The North-South conflict can only pose heightened dangers for the entire global community unless some steps are taken to change a situation where 75 % of the world ' s population have only 20 % of the world's gross national product .
    发展中国家的人口占全世界总人口的 75 % , 但是它们的国民生产总值却只占 20 % . 除非采取措施改变这一局势,否则南北冲突只会使全球更不安全 .

    4.It seems that the government ' s so-called blue ribbon commission has already decided what plan it will propose without undertaking any public consultation.
    看来政府所谓的特选委员会还未曾征询公众的意见,就已经决定了要向政府建议实行哪一项医疗改革计划。

    5. 新型的合作医疗制度将有助于防止农民因病致贫、因病返贫。
    The new cooperative medicare system will help prevent farmers from falling into or falling back to poverty because of catching diseases.

    6. 不解决农民的看病问题 , 就很难最终实现中国社会的全面小康目标 .
    It is hardly possible to realize a relatively rich Chinese society in overall scale without a solution to farmers ' medicare problem.

    7. 我国的农村人口超过 9 亿。虽然它们的收入远比城镇居民要低,抗风险的能力更差,但是长期以来,他们却不能像城镇居民一样享受基本的医疗保障。
    China has a farmer population of over 900 million, who were not entitled, for a very long period of time , to the basic medical insurance as urban people were , although they were more vulnerable because of their far lower income than urbanites .

    以上七例采用的都是逆译法,反映了英汉句子语序的一个基本差别。相对而言,英语语序比较灵活,句子中的状语从句可前可后。因此两种语言在按照逻辑思维组句时也有相同或相似之处,翻译这类句子时译者就可相应地使用顺译法来处理。例如:

    8 . He ' s right, though not in the way he intended .

    他说对了,尽管事情的发展与他的预计并不一样。

    9 .由于中日双方尚难以达到互信,因此会特别关注对方的力量发展和如何使用这种力量的意图。

    Since mutual trust has not yet been achieved, both sides will be especially concerned with the other ' s growing power and how that power could be used.

    另外 , 在对某事发表评论时,英语通常是表态、背论部分在先,事实描写在后;而汉语则正 好相反,通常先进行情况说明,然后在进行表态或评论。如:

    10.The wrong way is to impose layer after layer of regulations and restrictions .

    我们认为,强加层层规定和限制的做法是错误的。

    11. 而日本也需要从中国的快速经济增长和充满活力的改革中获益 , 这又成为日本发展对华关系的根本利益所在 .

    While on Japan ' s part, it is of fundamental interest to benefit from China ' s rapid economic growth and energetic reform.
 
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