1． 名词、代词、数词及其它们的短语、不定式和分词短语，如：
　　　　China, our great motherland, now is developing rapidly in science and technology.
　　　　We all went to see her.
　　　　We two are from Chongqing and they three are from Chengdu.
　　　　We all have a common desire — to become qualified teachers.
　　　　That's her job, taking care of the aged in the community.

　　2． of 引导的介词短语，如：
　　　　the city of Beijing, the art of writing

　　3． 用连词 or, or rather 或 or better 等引导的词或短语，如：
　　　　They arrived home late that evening or rather early the next morning.

　　4． 用插入语 that is (to say), in other words, namely, for example, for instance, such as, say, especially, 　　　　　　particularly, chiefly, mainly 等引导的词或短语，如：
　　　　Mr. Smith knows five languages, namely English, French, Chinese, Russian and Japanese.

　　5. 同位语从句，即与先行词同位或等同的从句，其先行词多为belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, news, promise, question, 　　　 remark, reply, report, thought, truth 等；其引导词多为 that（在口语中可省去），也可用 whether 等，如：
　　　 There can be no doubt that we'll finish in time.
　　　 Most people are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms.
　　　 We should discuss carefully the important question whether or not we can complete the task within a week.

　　注意 that 在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分，只起引导从句的作用，而在定语从句中 that 还充当主语或宾语，或状语，比较　　：
　　No one can deny the fact that he has made great achievements in his work.（同位语从句，连词 that 在从句中不作任何 　　句子成分。）
　　This is the picture that the little boy drew yesterday. （定语从句，关系代词 that 在从句中作宾语。）