V-ing and V-ed(现在分词和过去分词)

　　1． As Premodifier and Postmodifier in a Noun Phrase (作名词的前位和后位修饰语 )

　　2． As Complement (作补足语)

　　3． As an Adverb Clause Equivalent (作状语)

　　4． Absolute Construction and Unattached Construction (独立结构和无归属结构)

　　5． Being + V-ed, Having + V-ed, Having Been + V-ed (现在分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式)